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Present Perfect Tense

| Jumat, 29 November 2013
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Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.
Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense:
(+) Subject + have/has + V3
(-) Subject + have/sas Not + V3
(?) Have/has + subject + V3
Example:
(+) She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
(-) She has not gone
(?) Has She gone?
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.
Rumusnya Past Perfect Tense:
(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement


Example :
(+) We had eaten before they came
(-) They had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we came?

Present Perfect Tense

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Written News

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WRITTEN NEWS


Definition : Written news is a text that announces about some news. such as birth, enggagement, marriage, obituary, etc

Written News

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WEATHER REPORTS AND GRAPHS/TABLES

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1.   WEATHER REPORTS
Definition : Weather Report or weather forecast is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather is predicted through application of principles of physics and mateorogy.
 
Function:                                                                   
      To protect life and property.
       Temperature and precipitation, it is important for agriculture,
       For commodities traders in the stock market.
       Climate forecasts are used by utility companies   to estimate demand over coming days.
       To decide what to wear on a given day
       To plan activities,
       To plan ahead and survive.
Example of Weather Reports
Good morning. This is Andrea Giselle with weather report. It will be rainy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However, the showers will not last for long time. By early afternoon it it ill be synny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening in to the night. Thank you.
2.   TABLES
Definition : The table is a summary of a list of data that informs the form of numbers, arranged by applying, in sequence down certain paths and rows using the row delimiter.
 
Function
      Describes a fact or information in brief, clear, and more interesting than words.
      To compare the amount of data.
How to read table?
      Observe first title.
      Observe the columns in the table.
      Find the striking difference in the data is either the lowest or the highest average, count if necessary. 
3.   GRAPHS
Definition :Graph is a painting or a tidal rise and fall of a state represented by a line or drawing the ups and downs of a data.
Function
      Enables delivery of complex information more easily.
      Can provide a snapshot of information in a clear, simple, interesting, and effective.
      To compare the amount of data.
How to read ?
      Observe the chart title first.
      Observe the right lane and the left or down with respect to the number.
      Find the striking difference in the data.
      Pull conclusions from the data and describe
There are three basic kinds of graphs:
1)                  Circle graph.
2)                  Bar graph.
3)                  Line graph.
1.     Circle Graph
Definition :
A circle graph is a graph in the form of a circle that is divided into sectors, with each sector representing a part of a set of data.
2.     Bar Graph
Definition :
Bar graphs are an excellent way to show results that are one time, that aren't continuous - especially samplings such as surveys, inventories, etc.
3.     Line Graph
Definition :
       A graph that uses points connected by lines to show how something changes in value (as time goes by, or as something else happens).

WEATHER REPORTS AND GRAPHS/TABLES

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Poster

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POSTERS
DEFINITION
A posters is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains. It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations.
Here are some ways to use posters in a literacy program :
       To advertise events or products;
       To display information or instructions; and
       To each about some kinds of information
You will create a Public Service Announcement poster that will address the issue in the following way:
·         The topic is simple and clear.
·         The PSA gets attention and is eye catching.
·         It includes a slogan and a visual that is memorable.
·         The PSA is creative and entertaining.
·         It provides accurate information on the topic’s importance.
·         The PSA effectively reaches its target audience.
 
 
 
 

Poster

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Pain and Pleasure

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Expressing Pain
When we get sick, we must feel pain on part of our body. When we get an accident, and we get injured because of it, we must feel pain. Some expression of pain :
-  It’s very painful. I can't stand it.
-  The pain hurts me very much.
-  That's hurts!-Oh, my headache!
-  My back pains me.
-  I'm not feeling well.
-  I have a bad cough.
-  I feel terrible.
-  I'm really sick.
-  I can no longer stand.

-   Ouch. It hurts!
-        Oh, it’s killing me!
We can also add it with some interjection, such as : Oh!, Ouch! and Aw!


Example dialog :
Budi    : Iqbal , how your condition today ? Yesterday you are absent right?
Iqbal   : Hmm , not bad , because I have fever yesterday. it's very painful
Budi     : Ohh, don't be over tired vitalis
Iqbal   : Ya , you're alright , thanks Made
Budi     :It's ok , no problem



Pleasure

Expressing pleasure

·    Great! 

·    Terrific! 

·    I’m pleased. 

·    I enjoyed it. 

·    I love it. 

·    It was terrific. 

·    I’m delighted.

Pain and Pleasure

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RELIEF

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EXPRESSING RELIEF

  Expressing Relief 
When we have problem and we can solve it, we will feel relief. In other situation, when we feel worried about something that we will face it, we will also feel relief. a relief is lessening or ending of pain and worry. for example :
   -   What a relief!
-   That's a relief!
-   I'm very relieved to hear that (it)
-   I'm glad everything's running well.
-   I'm glad it's done.
-   Thank God for that.
-   Thank goodness.
-   Thank heaveness.
-   Oh, good!
-   Oh, marvelous!
 
    -    It’s great relief
Example dialog:
Seno : Hey guys , score list mathematics test is out, I have 79
Angga : I have 83
Aldo: What ? I don't know about that, what score do I have ?I afraid it is notcomplete
Wahyu : Don't  worry put , you get 80 , I see there  , i get 80 too
Aldo :That's a relief , thanks Ira
Wahyu : ok ,you’re welcome

RELIEF

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Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

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Asking about satisfaction

-         how do you like your room?
-         is everything O.K ?
-         is everything satisfactory ?
-         are you satisfied?

    Asking about dissatisfaction
-         Do you want to complain about something?
-         Was something not to your satisfaction ?
-         Are you dissatisfied with something?
-         Did you find our service satisfactory ?

    Expressing satisfaction
-         I really like my new hair cut
-         I’m completely satisfied with everything you’ve done for me.
-        It was satisfactory.
-        It was okay. Not too bad.

    Expressing dissatisfaction
-         It is disappointing that.!
-         It is unacceptable
-         This is the limit I won't take any more of...
-         Well, this is most unsatisfactory.
-         The concert is so boring.
-         What an awful meeting
    -         It's not as good as I thought.

Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

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Transition Words

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Definition of transition words
Transitions are words, phrases, sentences or even paragraphs that relate ideas and help guide the reader from one idea to another. In moving from one topic to the next, a writer has to bring the reader along by showing how the ideas are developing.
Transition words and phrases help make clear connections between ideas and see that sentences and paragraphs flow together smoothly, making them easier to read.

Purpose of transition words , commonly :
Provide more information
Provide an example
Provide a cause or reason
Provide a result or an effect
Provide a purpose or reason
Provide a sequence
Provide a conclusion

Following are some common transitional words and phrases, one or more from each category is used in context addition and consequence


- Addition
  
Addition words tell us that an author is presenting two or more ideas in a list of items. These
  words introduce ideas that are first in a list or ideas that add to items already mentioned. Here
  are some common addition words  :

   also                                                furthermore 
   again                                              in addition 
   as well as                                       likewise
   besides                                          moreover
   coupled with                                  similarly


Example :

-   This dress is make from good material moreover this dress is so beautiful and
     smooth.
-    I believe that I can complete the marathon in under 3 hours. Furthermore , I believe that I  
     can win it.
-    I have a degree in Early Childhood Education, furthermore, I have
     six years experience working with young children.
-  
Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New Zealand, moreover
     they’re distributed to our country.
-   She can speak English besides French.
-   My father, as well as Jim, goes to Bali.


-  Consequence

   Consequence mean as a result or consequence of an incident or event that connecting of
   two or more point. The second item as a result by first item.
   Here are some common consequence words :
     
accordingly          for this reason          therefore
     as a result            for this reason          subsequently
     consequently       for this purpose        wherefore 


   Example  :

 - 
My car broke down and consequently I arrive rather late.
 -  I have long been interested in science and animals. Therefore, I have decided to study
     biology in college.
 -  Rent is too expensive in Boston. Therefore, I have decided to move to Ohio.
 -  The athlete was caught using drugs. Consequently, he was kicked off the team.
 -  The pitcher threw the ball at the batter's head. consequently, he was thrown out of
     the game.


ANOTHER CATEGORY OF TRASITION WORDS


Contrast and comparison
Establishes an opposition between ideas, often leads to a conclusion or decision between them.


conversely
instead
on one hand
on the other hand
on the contrary
yet
but
however
still
nevertheless



Generalizing
Adds a condition to the idea; sets limits or boundaries for the idea, considers possible

as a rule  
as usual
for the most part  
generally  
generally speaking
ordinarily



Introduction
Brings an idea into the discussion. :

firstly with regard to
to begin primarily
in the first place similarly
initially regarding as for concerning


Summarizing
Shows that the discussion of an idea is complete. :

finally to conclude
in conclusion
in the end in summary
finally
in any case
All in all
to sum up




Emphasis
Places more importance on the idea, drawing the reader’s focus.

above all
chiefly
with attention to
especially
particularly
singularly





Exemplification
Introduces an example of a previous idea.

to illustrate take a look at
for instance such as
for example one such
an example would be to demonstrate
namely
including


Example of another category of transition words :
-  You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.
-   Ordinarily, I find this job easy, but today, I'm having problems.
-   All in all, you both love each other.
-   The government is chiefly concerned with controlling inflation.
-   The price of the excursion is including the accommodation.
-   Newfoundland offers many amenities unavailable in most of North America, for example, we
     have very little air pollution.


When using transition words, remember to:
1. Choose the transition that best conveys your meaning.
2. Note that the transitional words or phrases do not always appear at the beginning of a
    sentence, but can be inserted wherever they seem appropriate.
3. When you have a transition at the beginning of a sentence, you should put a comma after it

Transition Words

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SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER

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SO AND TOO 
 

Definition :

The word 'so' and 'too' are useed to combine two positive statement with identical predicates to form a compound sentences.

Formula :
so + auxiliary verb + subject
subject + auxiliaey verb + too
Example :
Radit likes playing football. Yohanes also likes playing football.
-Radit likes playing  football and so does Yohanes
-Radit likes playing  football and Yohanes does too
Either and Neither
Definition
The word 'either' and 'neither' to combine two negative statements with identicalpredicates to form a compound sentence.

Formula:

Subject +  auxiliaey verb + not + either
neither + auxiliaey verb + subject

Example:

  Deby is not doing her homework now. Otis is also not doing her homework.

-Deby is not doing her homework now and Otis is not either
-Deby is not doing his homework now and neither is Otis


SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER

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Short Report and Memos

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Short Reports
      Short Report is a text that giving information about something. In delivering a short report, we should give information based on the scientific research.

Example of Short Reports :
Platypus


Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.






Memo
Memo is a quick message, the messages are written one with a short, clear, and easy to understand. According to its use, there is an official memo and personal (not official). Memo is officially used as a statement in the official relationship of a leader to his subordinates. Used as a personal memo memorandum or unofficial statement among friends , relatives , or others who have a relationship familiar .
Characteristics
  1. Special letters are made ​​specifically for the purpose in the office or organization
  2. Judging from the circulation, an office or organization may submit memo horizontally and vertically
  3. Submission is horizotal a memo to the delivery office which has equal
  4. Submission is a submission vertically memo from a superior to a subordinate or otherwise to warn or instruct something
  5. It is a form of communication that give advice, guidance, or information about something
  6. Having a piece of mail that is simpler than the formal letter in general, especially in the letter.
  7. Due to the limited pedarannya, memo usually do not include the identity of the office, such as office name, number phone , fax, and postal code , the fully.
 

Short Report and Memos

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Noun Clauses

| Kamis, 28 November 2013
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Definition:

A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject,object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.
Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses andwh-clauses:
·         that-clause: I believe that everything happens for a reason.


·         wh-clause: How do I know what I think, until I seewhat I say?
Noun clause used as an object

He said something.

S V O

He said that he was sick.


Noun clause used as a subject

Something is your business.

S V

Whatever you do is your business.

Someone is still in the cafeteria.

S V

Whoever ate my lunch is still in the cafeteria.





What did he say?








What is your business?





Who is in the cafeteria?
The subordinator may take the "subject" or "object" position in a noun clause.


Note the usage of the following:
Henry loves Mary. (S V O)
Mary loves Jim. (S V O)
The person who(m) Lee loves is a secret.
The person who loves Tim is a secret.
Who(m) Henry loves is a secret.
Who loves Tim is a secret.

Mary is the "object" of the sentence.
Mary is the "subject" of the sentence.
Relative clause (subordinator in obj. position)
Relative clause (subordinator in subj. position)
Noun clause (subordinator in obj. position)
Noun clause (subordinator in subj. position)
Subordinators which are used in noun clauses:
(Some of these words are also used in Grammar: Relative Clauses and Grammar: Wh - Questions.)
that
what
who
whoever
whatever
whether

which
where
when
how
why
if

how much
how many
how long
how far
how often
whose
Remember to preserve word order in noun clauses:
I don't know who he is.
Whoever she is is not important.
Whatever is in the box is a mystery.
Can you tell me what he is doing?
She doesn't undestand why he is leaving.
I wonder how much that costs.
Do you know how long it will take?

Noun Clauses

Posted by : Unknown on :Kamis, 28 November 2013 With 0komentar
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